The Prevalence And Severity of Periodontal Disease in Different Stages of Pregnancy and in Women Taking Oral (Contraceptive Pills) in Sulaimani City, Kurdistan Region, Iraq

Abstract

Background: Pregnant women   show an  increased  susceptibility to  periodontal diseases due to an exaggerated inflammatory response of gingival tissue to local irritant  factors such as ,dental plaque and calculus.

Aim: The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence and the severity of periodontal disease at different stages of pregnancy.

Subject and method: The sample consists of (125) women from  Private Clinic , Primary Health Care Centre and Maternity Hospital in Sulaimani city, Kurdistan Region, Iraq . They were divided into three main groups . Group one, which included (75) pregnant women and this group was  subdivided equally into three subgroups according to their trimester            (1^st trimester , 2 nd trimester and 3 rd trimester). Group two, which included (25) women receiving oral contraceptives pills , and match in age with group1 . Group three ( control group), which included 25 women , and match in age with group 1 and group 2 , and the following parameters were measured : Plaque index ( PL1); Ginigival index ( G1) ; periodontal pocket depth ( PPD);Bleeding on probing(BOP); Gingival Crevicular fluid(GCF).

Results: The  results showed high prevalence of gingivitis .The highest mean score of ( GI) was found in the pregnancy group ; less in oral contraceptive group, and finally the control group .Comparison between the (3) main groups showed significant difference.(p<0.05 ) . GCF showed the same pattern as PLI and GI, and the total mean score was highest in the pregnancy group ; less in oral contraceptive group and finally the control group. Comparison between the 3 main groups declared significant difference ( p<0.05) similar to the PLI and GI.

      The highest percentage of PPD was mostly found in the pregnancy group and less in contraceptive group .Comparison between the( 3) main groups showed high significant difference, while between pregnancy and oral contraceptive decleared significant difference   ( P< 0.05 ). The   high percentage of bleeding on probing   ( score 1) was found in the pregnancy group, followed by oral contraceptive and finally the control group. There was no prevalence of pregnancy tumor ( pregnancy epulis ) in the three subgroups of pregnant women .

Conclusion: Major changes in clinical parameters   ( PLI, GL, BOP, PPD, and GCF ) occurred during the 2^nd and 3^rd trimesters and to a lesser extent during contraception